Approaches to enhancing the resilience and independence of smallholder coffee farmers
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Aug 3, 2025
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Abstract
This study examines strategies to strengthen the self-reliance of smallholder coffee farmers in the Gayo Highlands, focusing on Bener Meriah and Central Aceh Regencies, which are recognized centers of Gayo Arabica coffee production. A strategic analysis approach was applied using the Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) and External Factor Evaluation (EFE) matrices to assess farmers’ internal strengths and weaknesses alongside external opportunities and threats. The IFE analysis produced a total score of 2.37, indicating a moderate level of internal capacity, driven by long experience in coffee cultivation, strong social cohesion, and favorable agro-climatic conditions. In contrast, the EFE score of 1.98 reflects a relatively weak ability to respond to external dynamics, including global price fluctuations, climate change impacts, and limited market access. Integrating these results into the Internal–External (IE) Matrix places smallholder coffee farmers in Quadrant VI, corresponding to a “Hold and Maintain” strategic posture. This position suggests that empowerment efforts should consolidate existing strengths while addressing vulnerabilities to external pressures. Recommended strategies include upgrading post-harvest technology, expanding direct market access, improving cooperative management, and strengthening climate resilience—steps expected to support sustainable coffee production, reduce dependence on intermediaries, and enhance the competitiveness of Gayo coffee in an increasingly dynamic global market.
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How to Cite
Mustaqim, M., NB, M., Herlon, M., Ridho, Z., Nurdin, I. P., & Andrina, H. (2025). Approaches to enhancing the resilience and independence of smallholder coffee farmers. Enrichment : Journal of Management, 15(3), 223-233. https://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v15i3.2316
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Winarni, R., Ratna, M., Widuatie, E., Sasmita, N., & Endrayadi, C. (2025). Coffee, Community, and Capitalism: Analyzing Worker Economic Strategies at Blawan Plantation in East Java (2016-2022). Yupa: Historical Studies Journal, 9(1), 38–59. https://doi.org/10.30872/YUPA.V9I1.3166
Wright, D. R., Bekessy, S. A., Lentini, P. E., Garrard, G. E., Gordon, A., Rodewald, A. D., Bennett, R. E., & Selinske, M. J. (2024). Sustainable coffee: A review of the diverse initiatives and governance dimensions of global coffee supply chains. Ambio, 53(7), 984–1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-024-02003-W/TABLES/4
Zen, Z., & Nibulan, T. R. (2018). A Review of Government Interventions Promoting Smallholder Development in Indonesia. 6–15. https://doi.org/10.2991/EBIC-17.2018.2
Zulfiningrum, R., Sumardjo, S., Saleh, A., & Agusta, I. (2019). Role of Agricultural Counselling Centre in the Development of Black Rice Programme in Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 23(3), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.4314/JAE.V23I3.7
Zulkarnain, A., Wahyuningtias, D., & Putranto, T. S. (2018). Analysis of IFE, EFE and QSPM matrix on business development strategy. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 126(1), 012062. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012062
Auld, G. (2010). Assessing certification as governance: Effects and broader consequences for coffee. Journal of Environment and Development, 19(2), 215–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496510368506;CTYPE:STRING:JOURNAL
Awuakye, S. D. (2023). Economic Analysis of Inclusive and Sustainable Business Models for Smallholder Vegetable Farmers in the Eastern Region of Ghana. http://ir.ucc.edu.gh/jspui/handle/123456789/11141
Basri, Moh. H., Fariyanti, A., & Suharno, S. (2024). The Impact of Contract Farming on The Production Risk of Coffee Farming in Lampung. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Agribisnis, 21(2), 237–237. https://doi.org/10.17358/JMA.21.2.237
Biswas, N. (2024). The Role of Co-operative Societies in Enhancing Agricultural Production: Opportunities and Challenges. Journal of Environmental Agriculture and Agroecosystem Management, 1(1), 29–38. https://jeaam.com/1/article/view/3
Faila Sophia Hartatri, D., Aklimawati, L., & Neilson, J. (2019). Analysis of Specialty Coffee Business Performances: Focus on Management of Farmer Organizations in Indonesia. Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal), 35(2), 140–155. https://doi.org/10.22302/ICCRI.JUR.PELITAPERKEBUNAN.V35I2.382
Hakim, R. I., & Rifin, A. (2023). Does State-Financed Organic Coffee Certification Increase Smallholder Farmers’ Income? Sustainability Science and Resources, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.55168/SSR2809-6029.2023.4001
Hamidi, K., & Delbahari, V. (2011). Formulating a Strategy for a University Using SWOT Technique: A Case Study. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(12), 264–276. www.irane1404.com
Juhari, J., Susanto, D., Yani, A., & Hasanuddin, H. (2024). Competitiveness of Pepper Commodity as a Flagship Product to Compete In The Global Market. Journal of Social Science (JoSS), 3(12), 1984–1997. https://doi.org/10.57185/JOSS.V3I12.388
Made Jiwa Astika, I., Sri Suharyo Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Laut, O., & Surabaya Indonesia, S. (2021). Internal and External Environmental Strategy Analysis Using SWOT Matrix and QSPM. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT, 25(1), 507–516. http://ijpsat.ijsht-journals.org
Mettauer, R., Baron, V., Turinah, Demitria, P., Smit, H., Alamsyah, Z., Penot, E., Bessou, C., Chambon, B., Ollivier, J., & Thoumazeau, A. (2021). Investigating the links between management practices and economic performances of smallholders’ oil palm plots. A case study in Jambi province, Indonesia. Agricultural Systems, 194, 103274. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2021.103274
Millard, E. (2017). Still brewing: Fostering sustainable coffee production. World Development Perspectives, 7–8, 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WDP.2017.11.004
Ndlela, S., & Worth, S. (2021). Creating self-reliance and sustainable livelihoods amongst small-scale sugarcane farmers. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 27(3), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2020.1851268
Ribeiro dos Santos, D. (2022). Rising China and Sustainable Value Chains programmes˸the case of palm oil transnational sustainability standards. 255. https://doi.org/10.34894/VQ1DJA
Shiferaw, B., Hellin, J., & Muricho, G. (2011). Improving market access and agricultural productivity growth in Africa: What role for producer organizations and collective action institutions? Food Security, 3(4), 475–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12571-011-0153-0/METRICS
Shiferaw, B., Obare, G., & Muricho, G. (2008). Rural market imperfections and the role of institutions in collective action to improve markets for the poor. Natural Resources Forum, 32(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1477-8947.2008.00167.X;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION
Silvert, C. J., Diaz, J., Warner, L. A., Roberts, T. G., & Injoque, R. (2021). Building Self-reliance: A Framework to Evaluate Smallholder Coffee Farmers’ Pursuit of Commercialization. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 28(4), 4. https://doi.org/10.4148/2831-5960.1002
Srithong, K., & Limrattanaphattarakun, W. (2024). Guidelines for Developing the Potential of Farmer Organizations for Sustainable Self-Reliance. In วารสารสันติศึกษาปริทรรศน์ มจร (Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 425–439). https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/journal-peace/article/view/276618
Wardhiani, W. F., Karyani, T., Setiawan, I., & Rustidja, E. S. (2023). The Effect of Performance on the Sustainability of Coffee Farmers’ Cooperatives in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 in West Java Indonesia. Sustainability 2023, Vol. 15, Page 4901, 15(6), 4901. https://doi.org/10.3390/SU15064901
Winarni, R., Ratna, M., Widuatie, E., Sasmita, N., & Endrayadi, C. (2025). Coffee, Community, and Capitalism: Analyzing Worker Economic Strategies at Blawan Plantation in East Java (2016-2022). Yupa: Historical Studies Journal, 9(1), 38–59. https://doi.org/10.30872/YUPA.V9I1.3166
Wright, D. R., Bekessy, S. A., Lentini, P. E., Garrard, G. E., Gordon, A., Rodewald, A. D., Bennett, R. E., & Selinske, M. J. (2024). Sustainable coffee: A review of the diverse initiatives and governance dimensions of global coffee supply chains. Ambio, 53(7), 984–1001. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13280-024-02003-W/TABLES/4
Zen, Z., & Nibulan, T. R. (2018). A Review of Government Interventions Promoting Smallholder Development in Indonesia. 6–15. https://doi.org/10.2991/EBIC-17.2018.2
Zulfiningrum, R., Sumardjo, S., Saleh, A., & Agusta, I. (2019). Role of Agricultural Counselling Centre in the Development of Black Rice Programme in Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 23(3), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.4314/JAE.V23I3.7
Zulkarnain, A., Wahyuningtias, D., & Putranto, T. S. (2018). Analysis of IFE, EFE and QSPM matrix on business development strategy. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 126(1), 012062. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/126/1/012062